I think the best penalty for team is Marked for pit-start (team departed 30 minutes later than proposed time), in most legs with air or train travel or the in legs with Hours of Operations, these penalties will be nullified and their teams have a larger chance to survive. If this penalty were applied from S19
TAR 19 Leg 2 Bill & Cathy survived
Leg 5 Liz & Marie still booted in Thailand
Leg 7 Amani & Marcus still survived in Malawi 2, unless they missed the bus
TAR 20 (nothing changed) (Mopper survived leg 5 in Germany but still ended in India 2)
TAR 21 Josh & Brent survived in Turkey, Jabba still lost passport in Russia, in leg 11 without losing a precious time of speed bump, Nana have a chance to survive
TAR 22 Two possible cases occured
Max & Katie survived leg 7, nothing changed later, the air travel in leg 10 nullified Mona & Beth's penalty
Pam & Winnie survived leg 7, the asian girls replaced Maxie in F3
TAR 23 Nicky & Kim still got U-turned and booted in abu Dhabi 2, Leo & Jamal without speed bump have a chance to survive